Standard properties
7 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 mГЎs de 50 sitios de citas 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 Fifteen studied dietary sources of calcium (n=810 calcium, n=723 controls),16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 and 51 studied calcium supplements (n=6547 calcium, n=5710 controls).7 12 13 14 15 17 19 20 21 22 26 28 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 Table 1 ? shows study design and selected baseline characteristics for included studies of dietary calcium. Tables 2 and 3 show the study design and selected baseline characteristics for trials of calcium supplements, without and with additional vitamin D, respectively. ? ? Further details are in tables A-C in appendix 2. Of the 15 randomised controlled trials of dietary sources of calcium, 10 used milk or milk powder, two used dairy products, and three used hydroxyapatite preparations. Of the 51 trials of calcium supplements, 36 studied calcium monotherapy, 13 co-administered CaD, and two were multi-arm studies of both. Table 4 summarises other features of the trials ? . Most of them studied calcium without vitamin D in women aged <70 living in the community; the mean baseline dietary calcium intake was <800 mg/day; and most trials lasted ?2 years. A calcium dose of >500 mg/day was used in most trials, but a higher proportion of trials of calcium supplements used a dose of ?1000 mg/day. Table C in appendix 2 shows our assessment of risk of bias. Of the 15 trials of dietary sources of calcium, we assessed two as low risk of bias, six as moderate risk, and seven as high risk. Of the 51 trials of calcium supplements, we assessed 19 as low risk of bias, 12 as moderate risk, and 20 as high risk.
Design of randomised regulated products and you may chosen baseline features out-of eligible examples from calcium that can utilized vitamin D tablets
Top analyses
Desk 5 ? summarises the outcome of one’s meta-analyses. Growing calcium supplements intake out-of weight loss present improved BMD from the 0.6-step 1.0% during the overall stylish and you can overall system from the 1 year and you may by the 0.7-step 1.8% during the those web sites and lumbar lower back and you can femoral shoulder at the 24 months (figs 1 and you may 2 ? ? . There was zero effect on BMD from the forearm.
Fig 1 Haphazard outcomes meta-analysis out of effect of fat reduction resources of calcium towards the percentage change inside the bones nutrient density (BMD) from baseline at one year
Fig dos Random outcomes meta-studies off aftereffect of dieting resources of calcium to the percentage changes into the bones mineral thickness (BMD) off baseline at the two years
As soon as we restricted brand new analyses to your 12 randomised controlled trials of milk otherwise milk products, because of the leaving out three samples out-of hydroxyapatite, there clearly was little improvement in the outcomes. Calcium supplements enhanced BMD whatsoever five skeletal websites by 0.7-step 1.4% in the 1 year (figs step 3 and you will cuatro ? ? ), from the 0.8-step one.5% within couple of years (figs 5 and you can six ? ? ), and by 0.8-step 1.8% at more two-and-a-half ages (fig 7 ? ) (listing of time of samples was 3 to 5 ages).